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Dynamical Systems

Undergraduate

Definition

A dynamical system mathematically models how states evolve over time. It's expressed through differential or difference equations.

Formulas

(dx)/(dt) = f(x)

Continuous dynamical system (autonomous)

x_n+1 = f(xₙ)

Discrete dynamical system

Examples

Example 1

Solve the population growth model dP/dt = rP.

Applications

Physics

Planetary motion, pendulum

Biology

Population dynamics, ecosystem models

Economics

Business cycles, market dynamics

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